Distribution and abundance of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) L. in New Zealand, 1869–1973

An account is given of early liberations and the spread of hedgehogs throughout New Zealand between 1869 and 1973. Evidence, gathered largely from questionnaires and personal observations, is summarised in tables and maps to show the present range and abundance of the species. Hedgehogs dispersed from many points of liberation; their numbers increased dramatically in the South Island between 1910 and 1940, and in the North Island between 1920 and the 1950s. By the 1940s they had colonised most of the lowland areas, and their range had extended to the foot of the bushed mountainous regions; a few were found at altitudes of 2000 m. Since 1948 they have extended their range a little to include parts of the central volcanic plateau of the North Island, areas of inland Nelson, and northern Westland. Their numbers appear to have stabilised over the past 25 years. Today, hedgehogs are most abundant in intensively farmed lowland districts, towns, and suburbs. They become less numerous with increasing altitude, and few are encountered above 800 m or in wet, bushed areas. They are absent from areas where rainfall exceeds 250 cm/year or where more than 250 frosts occur annually. Factors limiting the abundance of hedgehogs in New Zealand are discussed.     

南疆棉田盲蝽类害虫种群数量动态

2002 ~2004年研究了南疆地区棉花盲蝽类害虫的发生和种群动态及棉花品种的影响。结果表明,危害棉花的盲蝽类害虫有牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis(L.)和苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus(Goeze) ,其中牧草盲蝽为主要为害种类,其数量占盲蝽类害虫的99.93 %。2002,2003和2004年,牧草盲蝽最高密度分别为56.0,105.3和53.7头/百株,而苜蓿盲蝽3年中最高密度<0.1头/百株。对转基因抗虫棉GK19(表达Cry1A杀虫蛋白)、SGK321(表达Cry1A/CpTI杀虫蛋白)和普通棉花泗棉3号、石远321的研究表明2种盲蝽在不同品种上的季节性数量动态没有显著性差别。     

Host preferences of introduced and native parasites (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of phytophagous plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) in alfalfa-grass fields in the northeastern USA

During an eight-year field study at two widely-separated locations (NJ & DE, USA), seven species of phytophagous mirid plant bugs were found in alfalfa and alfalfa-grass fields grown for animal forage. Five species of parasites were reared from these mirids. Two parasite species introduced from Europe killed significantly higher proportions of nymphs of the two important mirid pests of alfalfa than did native parasites. The introduced Peristenus digoneutis Loan parasitized an average of 31% of first and second generation tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris, a native insect; and the introduced Peristenus conradi parasitized 22% of first generation alfalfa plant bugs, Adelphocoris lineolatus, an introduced species. In addition, Peristenus pallipes significantly parasitized nymphs of Trigonotylus caelestialium (43%) and Leptopterna dolabrata (37%); both mirids are immigrant species. Because the parasite P. pallipes significantly attacked only these two non-native mirids, and is present in Europe, it also may be an accidental introduction to North America. A native wasp, Leiophron uniformis, heavily parasitized (49%) the native garden fleahopper, Halticus bractatus. A third native species, P. pseudopallipes, occasionally parasitized a few Lygus lineolaris in alfalfa at one location. Two other mirids, Stenotus binotatus and Megaloceroea recticornis, both accidently-introduced grass-feeding species, were not parasitized by native or introduced species. It is noteworthy that the effective host ranges of all the parasites in alfalfa-grass fields were limited: four of the five parasite species significantly parasitized only one of the seven mirid species, and the other parasite significantly parasitized only two mirids. Activity of the four common parasites was correlated with the mirids' host plant: three species principally parasitized alfalfa-feeding mirids, and one species principally parasitized grass-feeding mirids.     

两种盲蝽的抗药性监测

本文从2009到2011年连续3年用马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、三氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、硫丹6种杀虫药剂诊断剂量监测了河北、河南、山东、安徽等重要棉产区绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)田间种群的抗药性。2010年马拉硫磷诊断剂量处理河北邱县、安徽望江田间种群死亡率95%以上;毒死蜱诊断剂量河南郑州、山东滨州,安徽地区的田间绿盲蝽死亡率大于80%;三氟氯氰菊酯诊断剂量死亡率接近95%以上;2010年安徽望江、2011年河北邱县、山东滨州、安徽无为田间种群在吡虫啉诊断剂量下的死亡率在78%～90%。点滴法对2011年各地绿盲蝽种群抗药性监测表明,各地绿盲蝽对毒死蜱、灭多威、吡虫啉均处于敏感阶段,对于马拉硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹大多处于低抗水平阶段。在对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev3年的抗性监测中,作者发现种群抗性个体频率的出现更为普遍。     

中黑盲蝽羽化节律及交配行为初步研究

在光周期L∶D=16∶8,温度(25±1)℃条件下对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev羽化规律及交配行为进行观察,结果表明:中黑盲蝽雌、雄成虫全天均可羽化,雌虫羽化高峰出现在亮灯后7:00—9:00am,雄虫的羽化高峰出现在亮灯后5:00—7:00am;羽化过程历时较短,仅5～7 min。成虫自4日龄开始达到性成熟;室内短距离条件下雌虫通过足摩擦腹部(有时会伴随着振翅)吸引雄虫,同时雄虫用足摩擦腹部并振动翅膀回应雌虫,定位雌虫后发生交配,交配时间约30 s。     

苜蓿盲蝽气味结合蛋白基因Alin-OBP1的克隆及表达谱分析

有证据表明昆虫气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins, OBPs)与其嗅觉识别密切相关,起着运输外界脂溶性气味分子通过嗅觉感器淋巴液到达嗅觉受体的关键作用.为了更好地了解OBPs在苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)嗅觉识别中的作用,本研究首次克隆了苜蓿盲蝽气味结合蛋白基因Alin-OBP1 (GenBank序列号GQ477022). 测序和序列分析结果表明,该基因开放阅读框长438 bp, 编码145个氨基酸,预测分子量为15.69 kDa,等电点为5.01,N-末端疏水区包含由18个氨基酸组成的信号肽.蛋白特征分析表明,该基因翻译后的蛋白质具有昆虫气味结合蛋白的典型特征,即氨基酸序列中有6个保守的半胱氨酸残基.利用RT-PCR和Real-time PCR技术对Alin OBP1在苜蓿盲蝽成虫不同组织和各个发育阶段的表达水平进行了测定,结果显示Alin-OBP1几乎全部在触角中表达.不同发育阶段Alin-OBP1表达量不同,在5龄若虫和成虫阶段表达水平最高.结果提示Alin-OBP1可能在苜蓿盲蝽感受包括性信息素在内的外界化合物的过程中发挥着重要作用.     

Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the beetle, Luperomorpha suturalis Chen (Col., Chrysomelidae)

Abstract: The strains Steinernema feltiae Otio and A54, Steinernema ceratophorum D43 and Steinernema carpocapsae BJ were tested for their infectivity to the larvae and pupae of beetle ( Luperomorpha suturalis Chen) at 25 ± 0.5°C and 15 ± 0.5°C in laboratory conditions. The results, based on comparison of the insect mortalities and nematode penetration rates among four nematode strains, showed that S. feltiae Otio was a potential biocontrol agent of the larvae and pupae of L. suturalis . The mortalities of the larvae and pupae exposed to S. feltiae Otio strain were 95.8 and 97.1% at 25 ± 0.5°C and 78.0 and 83.0% at 15 ± 0.5°C, respectively. The nematode penetration rates of S. feltiae Otio of the larvae and pupae were 15.6 and 19.0% at 25 ± 0.5°C, 2.6 and 6.3% at 15 ± 0.5°C, respectively. Field efficacy of S. feltiae Otio strain was examined against beetle larvae in Hebei province, northern China. The population reduction of insect larvae was 77.8 and 13.9% at doses of 30 and 15 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm² of S. feltiae Otio after 38 days of treatment and 90.2 and 92.4% after 100 days of treatment. However, the population of the insect larvae was reduced only to 15.5 and 15.7% when treated with pesticide after 38 and 100 days, respectively. The efficiency between the two nematode doses was not significantly different but it was remarkably higher than that of the pesticide after 100 days of application. The results suggest that S. feltiae Otio strain could be an alternative to pesticide for beetle control.     

短时高温暴露对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽存活及生殖的影响

绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽是危害棉花害虫的两个优势种,为探明短时高温暴露对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽存活和生殖的影响,将在27℃饲养的绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的卵和初孵若虫每天暴露在不同高温(30、33、36、40℃)4 h,以27℃恒温饲养的为对照,比较两种盲蝽卵的孵化率、若虫存活率、成虫产卵量的变化以及两者的差异。研究结果显示:在27—40℃范围内,随着温度的升高,绿盲蝽卵的孵化率先从27℃处理的84.25%上升至30℃处理的94.69%,而后开始下降,36℃处理的孵化率下降为76.84%,到40℃处理时降至44.30%;中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率则由27℃处理的79.27%上升至30℃处理的87.90%,后逐渐下降至40℃处理的60.24%。在极端高温40℃的处理中,中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率显著高于绿盲蝽卵的孵化率,表明中黑盲蝽卵较绿盲蝽卵更耐极端高温。在30—40℃范围内,随着温度的升高,两种盲蝽若虫存活率降低,40℃处理后,绿盲蝽若虫存活率为零,中黑盲蝽若虫存活率为16.74%。同时,高温对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的产卵量也存在显著影响。27℃处理下,绿盲蝽平均每头雌虫产卵量为64.78粒;30℃处理后,产卵量上升为70.03粒,后随处理温度升高产卵量开始下降,40℃时不能产卵;中黑盲蝽产卵量在27—36℃之间没有显着差异,平均每头雌虫产卵量为63—75粒,显著高于40℃处理的20.75粒。此外,短时高温暴露延长了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的若虫历期,降低了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽雌雄成虫寿命。结果表明,短时高温对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率、若虫存活率、生殖及成虫寿命等均有不利影响,温度越高,影响越大。绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽在极端高温40℃处理下,中黑盲蝽耐热性明显高于绿盲蝽。两种盲蝽在极端高温条件下的耐热性不同,可能是导致它们在棉田内种群季节动态差异的一个重要因素。